Ejthad for Scientific Research
type: channel
description: A peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Faculty of Physical Education at Azzaytuna University in Libya. The journal aims to be a leading platform for scientific research and studies in the fields of applied sciences and other sciences. The journal is published semi-annually and seeks to enrich academic knowledge and make qualitative contributions to these vital disciplines.
publisher: Faculty of Physical Education / Azzaytuna University - Libya
language: en
publication name: Ejthad for Scientific Research
issn: 3105-4587
copyright: Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0
items: The Impact of Urbanization on Agricultural Land in the City of Janzur during the Period (2010–2020)
items: https://www.ejthad.ly/index.php/httpdocs/en/article/view/115
items: https://www.ejthad.ly/index.php/httpdocs/en/article/view/114
items: Aquatic Plyometric Training and Its Effect on Some Physiological and Skill Indicators and the Performance Level of 5000m Runners with Intellectual Disabilities (in Libya)
items: Educational Foundations in Higher Education
items: A comparative study among physical therapy, medical technology, and physical education professionals in terms of clinical assessment, decision-making, and performance quality
items: Level of Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Practices among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zawia
items: Problems of Using Modern Devices in Training Athletics Competitions among Club Coaches in Misrata City
items: The History of Prisons and Punishments in Islamic Civilization: Origins, Development, and Social Function
items: Misconceptions About Physical Education from the Perspective of Secondary School Students under the Education Supervisory Authority in Al-Aziziyah City
items: Digitization of Professional Social Work Practice in Educational Institutions from the Perspective of Social Workers: A Field Study on Selected Secondary Schools in Tarhuna City
items: The Development of the Role of Mosques in Az-Zawiya
items: Motives Behind Students' Enrollment in Private Higher Education Institutions
items: Parental Attitudes toward Female Secondary School Students' Participation in School Sports Activities in Tarhuna, Libya: The Students'
items: Physical Activity as an Indicator for Predicting the Psychological Quality of Life among Elderly in Al-Khums City
items: An Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Early Mental Health Risk Detection among University Students in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings
items: Implementing Gender Identification from Social Media Text Using Transformer Models: A Practical and Ethical Approach)
items: The Role of Digital Media in Improving the Mental Image among Youth in Libyan Universities
items: Comparative Study of the Level of Certain Cognitive Functions in Elderly Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Physical Activity
items: Determinants of Student Trust in E-Learning Systems in Libyan Higher Education: Evidence from Azzaytuna University
items: La production du savoir dans la théorie politique contemporaine: problématiques épistémologiques.
items: Parts of speech in the Arabic language
items: Analysis of the Relationship between the Use of Modern Teaching Methods and the Level of Student Performance in Physical Education Lessons:A Descriptive-Analytical Study
items: The Level of Implementing the Brainstorming Strategy and Its Relationship to Developing Effective Teaching Skills Among Faculty Members at Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
items: Effect of a Therapeutic Program Using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) on Rehabilitation of Patients with Quadriceps Muscle Strain
items: Effect of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Developing Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Judo Players
items: Effect of Resistance Exercises on Developing Upper Limb Muscular Strength in Junior Judo Players
items: Effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the performance level of 100 m and 200 m freestyle swimmers
items: Dietary Patterns and Their Health and Social Implications for Patients with Gluten-Related Disorders: A Field Study Applied to Tripoli Municipality
items: Evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course from the students' point of view

The Impact of Urbanization on Agricultural Land in the City of Janzur during the Period (2010–2020)
type: item
description: This research aims to study the impact of urbanization on agricultural land in the city of Janzour during the period from 2010 to 2020, as this city is one of the coastal areas close to the capial, Tripoli, which has witnessed rapid urban expansion in recent years. This expansion has led to noticeable changes in land use patterns, especially at the expense of agricultural land, which is an important resource for achieving food security and sustainable development. The study relied on the descriptive analytical method, in addition to of geographic information systems techniques, statistical data and financial reports related to population growth and urban expansion . The results of the study showed that the city of Janzour witnessed a noticeable increase in the urban mass during the period studied as a result of population growth and increased demand for housing and services which led to a decline in the areas of agricultural land and the conversion of part of it into residential and service areas. Unplanned urban expansion is one of the most important factors that contributed to the shrinkage of agricultural area, this is consistent with the findings of geographical studies in other Libyan cities. Encouraging vertical expansion in construction andactivating buildig laws
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urban urbanization a, agricultural lands, urban expansion, land uses, Janzour city
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Khalifa Othman Bougbag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 206
ending page: 217
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.116

https://www.ejthad.ly/index.php/httpdocs/en/article/view/115
type: item
title: The effectiveness of a program based on generative artificial intelligence applications in developing digital and creative instructional planning skills among doctoral students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tripo
description: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a program based on Generative Artificial Intelligence applications in developing digital and creative instructional planning skills among PhD students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tripoli. The study was motivated by the rapid developments in artificial intelligence technologies and their growing educational applications, which have created new opportunities for improving instructional practices and enhancing planning efficiency in higher education institutions The significance of the study stems from the importance of instructional planning as one of the fundamental pillars of successful teaching and learning processes, as well as from the increasing role of Generative Artificial Intelligence applications in supporting educators and graduate students in designing instructional plans, generating educational content, producing innovative ideas, and developing learning activities more efficiently and flexibly, The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach due to its suitability to the nature and objectives of the research. The study population consisted of all PhD students in the Department of Physical Education Teaching at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tripoli, totaling 71 students. A proportional stratified random sample representing 50% of the population was selected, consisting of Intelligence applications, whereas the dependent variables were digital instructional planning skills and creative instructional planning skills. The proposed program relied on several Generative Artificial Intelligence applications that support lesson planning, instructional objective formulation, educational activity design, assessment strategies, and innovative instructional idea generation, The findings of the study are expected to contribute to providing a scientific and practical framework for integrating Generative Artificial Intelligence app…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative Artificial Intelligence, Digital Instructional Planning, Creative Instructional Planning, PhD Students, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tripoli.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Munir Mohamed Saleh Shalluf
creator: Mr. Nouri Ali Mohamed Elmezoughi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 175
ending page: 205
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.115

https://www.ejthad.ly/index.php/httpdocs/en/article/view/114
type: item
title: Self-confidence, achievement motivation, and academic performance as predictors of university adjustment among a sample of first-year female students at the Faculty of Education, University of Al-Merqeb
description: The current research aimed to investigate the contribution of self-confidence, achievement motivation, and academic performance as predictors of university adjustment among new first-year female students at the Faculty of Education, University of Al-Merqeb. The research sample consisted of (87) female students, who were selected using the simple random sampling method. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational approach to achieve the study's objectives. The researcher adopted the following tools in this research: the Self-Confidence Scale prepared by Nasser, Karima, and others (2019), the Achievement Motivation Scale prepared by Othman Ali Ameimen (2020), the Academic Performance Scale prepared by Al-Rifai (2019), and the University Adjustment Scale prepared by Al-Duraibi and Al-Damini (2016). All scales demonstrated acceptable levels of validity and reliability. The study results revealed that first-year female students at the Faculty of Education possess moderate levels of self-confidence, achievement motivation, academic performance, and university adjustment, which reflects that they are in a transitional phase characterized by gradual adaptation to the demands of university life. The results also revealed positive, statistically significant correlational relationships between university adjustment and each of self-confidence, achievement motivation, and academic performance, with the strongest relationship being with academic performance, confirming the importance of academic success in enhancing the student's ability to integrate and adapt to the university environment. Furthermore, the results indicated no statistically significant differences in the level of university adjustment according to academic specialization, suggesting that university adjustment is influenced more by common general factors shared among students than by the nature of their field of study. The findings demonstrated that academic performance significantly contributes to pre…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-confidence, Achievement Motivation, Academic Performance, University Adjustment, First-year Female Students.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rabia Othman Moammar Abduljalil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 139
ending page: 174
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.114

Aquatic Plyometric Training and Its Effect on Some Physiological and Skill Indicators and the Performance Level of 5000m Runners with Intellectual Disabilities (in Libya)
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;4582;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to evaluate the effect of aquatic plyometric training on the physiological indicators (pulmonary ventilation, respiratory rate, maximal oxygen consumption, and body composition), skill indicators (stride length, frequency, speed, support time, flight time, and step count), and race time performance of the 5000m event among Libyan national team runners with intellectual disabilities (mild and moderate categories). The experimental approach utilized a one-group pre-post test design on a sample of 6 runners. The training program was conducted in the aquatic environment throughout a full training season. Results revealed statistically significant improvements in most physiological variables, particularly an increase in resting VO₂max (42.66%) and a decrease in resting pulmonary ventilation (14.38%). Skill indicators also demonstrated clear improvements, as shown by an increase in average speed (29.31%), a decrease in step time (12.82%), and a reduction in step count (11.29%), alongside a slight improvement in race time performance (0.94%). The researchers recommended adopting aquatic plyometric training as a safe and effective alternative to reduce injury risks and enhance performance, applying it to individuals with mild and moderate disabilities, while emphasizing the need to provide high-quality and safe training programs for this population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aquatic plyometric training, Intellectual disability, Performance level (Race time)
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Khairy Ali Mousa Ishteeba
creator: Dr. Naeema Salem Saeed Aboudiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 114
ending page: 138
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.113

Educational Foundations in Higher Education
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;5975;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;"> Summary of Educational Foundations in Higher Education Educational foundations in higher education refer to establishing the educational process on clear scientific, philosophical, and value-based principles that are rooted in the identity, culture, and developmental needs of society, while benefiting from modern educational knowledge and experiences. The aim of educational foundations is to guide the objectives of higher education, curricula, teaching methods, and assessment practices in a way that prepares graduates with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to contribute effectively to societal development. Educational foundations are based on several key principles, including the philosophical foundation, which defines the institution’s vision and mission; the social foundation, which addresses the needs and values of society; the psychological foundation, which considers learners’ characteristics and motivations; and the cognitive foundation, which keeps pace with scientific and technological advancements. These foundations also contribute to strengthening cultural and national identity, linking theoretical knowledge with practical application, and developing students’ critical thinking and creativity. In higher education institutions, educational foundations are reflected in the design of academic programs according to quality standards, the development of curricula that meet contemporary and labor market requirements, and the use of modern teaching strategies that emphasize active learning, scientific research, and community service. Therefore, educational foundations are considered an essential tool for ensuring the quality of higher education, achieving sustainable development, and building human capi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Educational foundations, higher education.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Afaf Mohamed Ahmed Belhaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 100
ending page: 113
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.112

A comparative study among physical therapy, medical technology, and physical education professionals in terms of clinical assessment, decision-making, and performance quality
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;5029;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI'; font-size: 12pt; color: #0f1115; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #0f1115;"> This study aimed to compare physical therapists who are graduates of the (Medical Technology) and (Physical Education) tracks across three main domains: clinical assessment, therapeutic decision-making, and professional performance quality, within physical therapy centers in the city of Sabratha, Libya. The study adopted the descriptive survey methodology and applied a validated questionnaire to a purposive sample of (34) specialists. The results showed statistically significant superiority in favor of Medical Technology graduates in the domains of clinical assessment and decision-making, attributed to their track's emphasis on the biomedical model and differential diagnosis. In contrast, the results revealed no statistically significant differences in professional performance quality between the two groups, indicating equivalence in final therapeutic outcomes despite differences in cognitive frameworks. The study concluded that academic background affects analytical and diagnostic competencies but does not negatively reflect on the quality of service provided. It recommended developing curricula to achieve integration between the medical model and the motor model, establishing unified training programs, and conducting future research on a broader scale incorporating objective assessment tools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical therapy, Physical therapist, Physical education, Clinical assessment, Decision-making, Performance quality.
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Saleh Sa'eed Al-A'ib
creator: Researcher Sumaiya Al-Koni Ali
creator: Dr. Abdulsalam Al-Sharif Al-Na'ma
creator: Dr. Ziyad Saleh Suwaidan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 84
ending page: 99
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.110

Level of Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Practices among Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zawia
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;4434;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; tab-stops: 0.7743472222222222cm; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;"> This study aimed to identify the level of nutritional knowledge and dietary practices among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zawia, investigate the differences in the level of nutritional awareness according to the variables of academic level and cumulative grade point average, and determine the items that contribute most to explaining the variance in the overall level of nutritional awareness. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers adopted the descriptive survey method. The study was conducted on a random sample consisting of (238) students from the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zawia, representing (63%) of the study population. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed to measure nutritional knowledge and dietary practices. The validity of the questionnaire was verified through a panel <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;8794;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 10pt; tab-stops: 0.7743472222222222cm; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;">of experts and specialists, while its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the study employed means, standard deviations, percentages, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), Sidak post hoc test for multiple comparisons, and stepwise regression analysis. The results revealed that the overall level of nutritional awareness among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences was low, with an…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nutritional Knowledge, Dietary Practices, Nutritional Awareness,
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Majida Al-Taher Shambi
creator: Dr. Nawal Al-Taher Shenbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 55
ending page: 83
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.109

Problems of Using Modern Devices in Training Athletics Competitions among Club Coaches in Misrata City
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;2866;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to identify the problems of using modern devices in training track and field competitions among club coaches in Misrata City, through three dimensions: problems related to the training process, problems related to gender and type of competition, and psychological problems accompanying the coach and athlete. The descriptive approach was used, and the questionnaire tool was applied to a sample of 7 coaches. The results showed prominent material and organizational obstacles, such as outdated and unsuitable equipment, a lack of female coaching staff, and weak social support, in addition to psychological effects such as anxiety and low self-confidence. The research recommended providing modern equipment, rehabilitating human cadres, and holding specialized training courses to improve the quality of training.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern devices in sports training, sports coach, training problems.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Ismail Amer Ali Al-Taish
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 41
ending page: 54
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.108

The History of Prisons and Punishments in Islamic Civilization: Origins, Development, and Social Function
type: item
description: This research examines the history of prisons and punishments in Islamic civilization in terms of their origin, development, and social and humanitarian objectives. The study focused on the concept of punishment in Islam, the types of penalties, and the legality of imprisonment, in addition to the evolution of prisons across various Islamic eras, starting from the time of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and the Rightly Guided Caliphs, up to the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. The research also discusses the conditions of prisoners and their rights, as well as the reformative methods employed by the Islamic system in dealing with convicts. The two researchers adopted the analytical historical method by reviewing jurisprudential and historical sources, as well as modern studies. The study concluded that the penal system in Islamic civilization was not based on vengeance, but rather aimed to achieve justice, reform, and the protection of society. The results also showed that Islamic prisons evolved organizationally and administratively with the development of the Islamic state, and that Islamic law paid clear attention to the rights of prisoners and their humane treatment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prisons, Punishments, Islamic Civilization, Ta'zir (Discretionary punishments), Hudud (Fixed punishments), Islamic Jurisprudence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Khairiya Al-Hammali Omar Amtairiq
creator: Mr. Aqila ALI Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 24
ending page: 40
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.107

Misconceptions About Physical Education from the Perspective of Secondary School Students under the Education Supervisory Authority in Al-Aziziyah City
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify misconceptions about physical education among secondary school students in Al-Aziziyah city, analyze their impact on student participation in school classes, and compare differences across gender and grade levels. The researcher employed a descriptive survey approach with correlational and comparative methods. A questionnaire based on a 3-point Likert scale was developed, consisting of (12) items distributed across four domains: objectives of physical education, sports participation, role of the teacher and specialization, and cultural and social concepts. The instrument was administered to a stratified random sample of (341) students from a population of (1740). The results indicated a high level of misconceptions (relative weight 79.7%), with the most prominent being: "Physical education is just playtime" (49.9%) and "Parents do not need to follow up on their children's participation" (82.7%). The results also revealed statistically significant differences in the level of misconceptions between males and females in favor of males, and across grade levels in favor of the third grade. The study recommended correcting these misconceptions through awareness programs for students and parents, integrating physical activities with clear educational objectives, and improving the school sports environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Misconceptions, Physical Education, Secondary School, Gender Differences
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mustafa Mohamed Ammar Issa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 23
doi: 10.65893/esr.v4i18.106

Digitization of Professional Social Work Practice in Educational Institutions from the Perspective of Social Workers: A Field Study on Selected Secondary Schools in Tarhuna City
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the current state of the digitalization of professional social work practice in secondary educational institutions in Tarhuna City, it’s identify the requirements for its implementation, and explore the challenges that hinder its adoption. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach, which is appropriate for social and human sciences research. The study population consisted of all social workers employed in secondary schools affiliated with the Tarhuna Education Office, totaling 25 social workers. A comprehensive social survey was used to collect the data. The findings revealed that the participants possessed substantial professional experience, enhancing the credibility of their assessment of digital professional practice. The results also indicated that the level of digitalization was moderate, reflecting a clear orientation toward integrating digital technologies into professional practice. These technologies contributed to improving professional performance, enhancing the efficiency of social services, safeguarding the confidentiality of information, and facilitating the use of digital applications and online platforms in working with students. However, the study identified several obstacles limiting effective digital transformation, including inadequate technological infrastructure, unstable internet connectivity, insufficient training and professional qualification, and limited technical and administrative support. These challenges constrain the optimal use of digital technologies within educational institutions. The study concludes that successful digital transformation in school social work requires an integrated technological and organizational environment, supported by continuous professional development and training for social workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: igitalization, Professional Practice, Social Work.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rania Muammer Abuajeela Alabani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 271
ending page: 296
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.104

The Development of the Role of Mosques in Az-Zawiya
type: item
description: This research examines the development of mosque architecture in the city of Az-Zawiya in western Libya, from the monarchical era (1951) to the post-2011 period, employing a descriptive survey methodology. The study aims to document the history of both ancient and modern mosques and compare their architectural features. The findings indicate that mosques from the monarchical era were characterized by simplicity, local character, and influences from Morocco and Andalusia. In contrast, mosques built between 1969 and 2011 featured grander scales, spaciousness, and rich ornamentation, while the post-2011 period reflected architectural diversity alongside a resurgence of local community funding and restoration efforts. The research confirms the continued religious and educational role of mosques despite challenges, and recommends documenting ancient mosques, prioritizing scientifically-based restoration, encouraging academic studies, and raising public awareness about the importance of architectural heritage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mosque development, Islamic architecture, Architectural heritage
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdullah Fathi AL-Harari Hussein
creator: Juhaina Ali Al- Bahloul
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 244
ending page: 270
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.103

Motives Behind Students' Enrollment in Private Higher Education Institutions
type: item
description: parents' orientation towards private higher education institutions. This was achieved through an analysis of the social, academic, psychological, and organizational dimensions that contribute to shaping the enrollment decision. The study sought to reveal the degree of influence of each of these factors, in addition to identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these institutions from the beneficiaries' perspective. This aims to support the improvement of educational outcomes and the development of services provided. The research was conducted on a sample of (46) parents and (40) students enrolled at the Higher Institute for Medical Professions in Al-Sayeh. After applying the research instrument (a questionnaire), the results showed that the decision to enroll in private higher education institutions is determined within an interconnected system of factors. At the social level, this is represented by the families' desire for a safe and disciplined educational environment, along with the institution's compatibility with the family's socioeconomic status. The influence of social image and media was found to be moderate. As for academic factors, the flexibility of the educational system, the diversity of specializations, the speed of graduation, and the presence of a stimulating educational environment conducive to innovation emerged as key attractions. This was contrasted with variations in the quality of faculty members, practical training programs, and academic services. Support, reflecting a disparity in quality levels among institutions. On a psychological level, the results demonstrated the importance of feeling appreciated, respected, and a sense of belonging within the educational environment, and its role in boosting self-confidence and reducing students' stress. From an organizational and service perspective, the most prominent strengths were administrative flexibility, streamlined procedures, and responsiveness to student feedback. However, some shortcomings…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brainstorming Strategy, Effective Teaching Skills.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Abubakr Abd Al-Da'im Al-Daili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 218
ending page: 243
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.102

Parental Attitudes toward Female Secondary School Students' Participation in School Sports Activities in Tarhuna, Libya: The Students'
type: item
description: This research summarizes a study on parents' attitudes towards the participation of secondary school female students in school sports activities in the city of Tarhuna (from the female students' perspective). The researchers used the descriptive survey method and applied a questionnaire to a sample of 150 female students, from which 144 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The results showed that parents hold highly positive attitudes towards participation, with an overall mean of 2.25 and a percentage of 75%, alongside some limited negative attitudes linked to a lack of sports facilities and the absence of specialized female physical education teachers. The results also revealed statistically significant differences between positive and negative attitudes, in favor of the positive ones. The study recommended raising parents' awareness through workshops, providing the necessary infrastructure and female teaching staff, and organizing sports events and school clubs to enhance participation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitudes, School Sports Activities, Secondary Education Stage.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mukhtar Ali AL Mukhtar Abdul Nab
creator: Mr. Miftah Ali Miftah Altair
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 197
ending page: 217
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.101

Physical Activity as an Indicator for Predicting the Psychological Quality of Life among Elderly in Al-Khums City
type: item
description: The study was conducted in Al-Khums, Libya, using the predictive correlational descriptive approach, on a purposive sample of (40) elderly men aged (50–60) years. The researcher applied the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Psychological Quality of Life Scale. The results showed that the level of physical activity was moderate (68.20%), while the level of psychological quality of life was high (71.63%). A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the two variables (r = 0.678). Physical activity significantly contributed to predicting psychological quality of life, explaining 45.9% of its variance. The study recommended designing specialized sports programs for the elderly, raising awareness about the importance of physical activity, providing safe facilities, and integrating physical activities into social and healthcare services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical activity, Psychological quality of life, Elderly.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Mohammed Salim Imchiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 172
ending page: 196
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.100

An Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Early Mental Health Risk Detection among University Students in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings
type: item
description: Ministry of Technical and Vocational Education, Libya Mental health issues among university students continue to receive growing attention worldwide. These challenges are often more pronounced in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS), where instability, displacement, and socioeconomic pressures can increase psychological vulnerability. In such environments, the early identification of students who may be at elevated mental health risk is important for enabling timely and appropriate support. Although machine-learning techniques have shown considerable potential in mental health analytics, many existing studies place greater emphasis on predictive performance than on model transparency and practical usability. As a result, the adoption of these models in real-world educational settings remains challenging, particularly when decision-makers require explanations that are easy to understand and trust. This study develops an explainable machine-learning framework for early mental health risk stratification among university students in FCAS contexts. The proposed framework combines demographic, academic, socioeconomic, psychological, and contextual indicators within a structured modelling pipeline designed to support transparency, calibration, and practical decision-making. Several classification algorithms were evaluated using stratified five-fold cross-validation. Among the evaluated models, logistic regression provided the most favourable balance between predictive performance and interpretability. The final model achieved an accuracy of 0.935, a macro-averaged F1 score of 0.862, and a one-versus-rest AUC of 0.997 for identifying high-risk students. Calibration analysis further indicated reliable probability estimates, with a Brier score of 0.024, while decision curve analysis demonstrated a consistent net benefit across a range of clinically relevant decision thresholds. To better understand the model’s behaviour, SHAP-based explainability analysis was perform…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mental health risk detection, explainable machine learning, SHAP, early warning systems, university students, fragile and conflict-affected settings, decision curve analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdelatti Blg
creator: Mr. Muner Athaba
creator: Mr. Ahmed Ashlam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 153
ending page: 171
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.99

Implementing Gender Identification from Social Media Text Using Transformer Models: A Practical and Ethical Approach)
type: item
description: Gender identification for social user network from user-generated text has significant applications in social computing, advertising, and online safety. Though, traditional classifiers often fail to capture linguistic subtleties and raise ethical concerns about bias and privacy. On this study, we propose a transformer-based framework for gender identification on social network text which highlighting transparency and fairness. We assess multiple transformer architectures, including BERT and RoBERTa, comparing their performance against traditional machine-learning baselines using the facebook/md-gender-bias dataset. The proposed method achieves improved for F1 scores while reducing gender bias through bias-mitigation and explainability techniques. Experimental findings demonstrate the practicality of large language models for gender prediction when combined with ethical constraints and responsible evaluation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gender classification, transformer models, BERT, social media network text, ethical AI, bias mitigation
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohammed Ali Eltaher
creator: Ms. Ibtusam Abdlsalam Belghassem
creator: Ms. Fatimah Basheer Alqadhi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 140
ending page: 152
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.98

The Role of Digital Media in Improving the Mental Image among Youth in Libyan Universities
type: item
description: The aim of this research was to identify the role of digital media in improving the Libyan public's image. This descriptive research relies on a media survey approach, using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 300 Libyans. The results showed the following: The public demonstrates high exposure to and use of digital media, with a strong preference for websites and social media networks. The public trusts information published through digital media more than traditional sources and believes that this media has contributed to improving Libya's image. Media professionals and digital content creators are viewed as playing an important role in reflecting a positive image of Libya.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Media Image.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Marwa Ali Mohamed Zayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 117
ending page: 139
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.97

Comparative Study of the Level of Certain Cognitive Functions in Elderly Practitioners and Non-Practitioners of Physical Activity
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the level of selected cognitive functions (concentration, attention, and memory) among physically active and inactive older adults and to identify differences according to the type of physical activity, frequency of participation, duration, and time of exercise. The study adopted a comparative descriptive approach and was conducted on a sample of 60 older adults from Al-Marj City, equally divided into physically active and inactive groups. The findings revealed that the active group demonstrated a high level of cognitive functioning, whereas the inactive group showed a moderate level. Significant statistical differences were found in concentration, attention, and memory in favor of the physically active participants. The results also indicated significant differences related to the type of physical activity, favoring participants engaged in five-a-side football, as well as differences related to exercise duration, with better outcomes associated with sessions lasting more than 45 minutes. However, no statistically significant differences were found regarding weekly exercise frequency or the time of day of exercise (morning or evening). The study recommends encouraging older adults to engage in regular physical activity to maintain cognitive abilities and enhance their quality of life
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Older Adults, Physical Activity, Cognitive Functions, Concentration, Attention, Memory.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ahmed badr hamad
creator: Dr. Wannees sulayman abd alraheem
creator: Dr. Murad Mustafa
creator: Dr. Ahmed Abdullah Ali
creator: Mr. Emad Abdulwahab Al-Mabrouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 95
ending page: 116
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.96

Determinants of Student Trust in E-Learning Systems in Libyan Higher Education: Evidence from Azzaytuna University
type: item
description: This study examines the factors that influence student trust in e-learning systems in Libyan higher education. Specifically, it investigates the effects of system quality, instructor interaction, content quality, and perceived security on students’ trust in e-learning platforms at Azzaytuna University. A quantitative approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to 169 computer science students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The findings indicate that students generally reported a high level of trust in e-learning systems. Instructor interaction emerged as the strongest predictor of trust, followed by system quality, content quality, and perceived security. Female students demonstrated significantly higher levels of trust than male students, while no significant differences were found across academic levels. The regression model explained 62% of the variance in student trust. The study contributes to the limited body of research on e-learning in developing countries by providing empirical evidence from the Libyan context. The findings suggest that universities should enhance instructor engagement, improve the quality and usability of e-learning systems, provide well-designed learning content, and strengthen data security practices to foster greater student trust in digital learning environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-learning; Student Trust; Higher Education; System Quality; Instructor; Interaction; Content Quality; Perceived Security; Libya.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Fathi Maeyouf
creator: Mr. Gousi Saleh
creator: Ms. Marwa Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 81
ending page: 94
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.95

La production du savoir dans la théorie politique contemporaine: problématiques épistémologiques.
type: item
description: This study examines the problem of knowledge production and construction in contemporary political theory from an epistemological perspective, by interrogating the foundational premises upon which this field of knowledge is built. The accelerating structural transformations in the current political reality have exposed the limitations and inadequacies of classical explanatory models in comprehending the complexities and entanglements of contemporary political phenomena. The study seeks to highlight the role played by conceptual frameworks, ideological contexts, and historical settings in shaping and directing the process of political knowledge production. It argues that political knowledge is not a neutral reflection of reality, but rather an epistemological construct that takes form within an intricate system of interwoven concepts, institutional structures, and configurations of power. Accordingly, the renewal of political theory in confronting these epistemological challenges requires a critical reassessment of underlying cognitive frameworks, and a transition toward more flexible and open analytical approaches capable of accommodating the complexity and interconnectedness of political phenomena.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contemporary Political Theory, Epistemology, Explanatory Models, Analytical Approaches
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Omran Mohamed Almrghni Aljdari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 46
ending page: 80
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.94

Parts of speech in the Arabic language
type: item
description: This study, titled “Parts of Speech”, aims to: clarify the definition and classification criteria of the parts of speech in the Arabic language; explain the grammatical and morphological characteristics of each category; explore the linguistic overlaps that may occur among different parts of speech; and highlight the importance of understanding these categories in linguistic analysis and education. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on both classical and modern grammatical sources. It analyzes the syntactic and morphological functions of parts of speech through a variety of linguistic examples. Among its key findings: the division of Arabic words into noun, verb, and particle is based on precise semantic and contextual principles. The noun is marked by clear morphological and syntactic features, such as taking the definite article “al”, accepting tanwīn, and being subject to case endings and syntactic functions. This categorization is essential for language teaching, computational analysis, and interpreting literary and religious texts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parts of Speech – Noun – Verb – Particle.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Osama Mohammed Ali Al-Hammali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 27
ending page: 45
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.93

Analysis of the Relationship between the Use of Modern Teaching Methods and the Level of Student Performance in Physical Education Lessons:A Descriptive-Analytical Study
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the use of modern teaching methods and the level of student performance in physical education lessons, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. The study population consisted of all physical education teachers in secondary schools under the Surman Education Directorate for the academic year 2024/2025, with a sample of (37) male and female teachers selected through a stratified purposive method. A questionnaire was used as the primary tool, comprising three axes: the extent of using modern methods, their impact on student performance, and the obstacles to their application, with the internal consistency validity and reliability of the instrument being verified. The results showed that the level of using modern methods was weak, while their impact on student performance was significant and statistically significant. The findings also revealed very high obstacles hindering application, most notably limited class time, inadequate teacher training, and institutional reliance on traditional methods. No statistically significant differences were found attributed to the gender variable, while differences were found in the obstacles axis in favor of teachers with longer experience. The study concluded that there is a gap between the theoretical awareness of the importance of modern methods and their weak actual application, with recommendations to enhance training, provide equipment, restructure class time, integrate technology, and support institutional innovation to improve the quality of physical education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Modern teaching methods, Physical Education, cooperative Leaming , self-Directed Leaming .
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Ibrahim Harakat Ahmed Amhamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 26
doi: 10.65893/esr.v3i18.92

The Level of Implementing the Brainstorming Strategy and Its Relationship to Developing Effective Teaching Skills Among Faculty Members at Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;4518;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; background-color: #ffffff; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;"> The study aimed to identify the level of implementation of the brainstorming strategy and its relationship to the development of effective teaching skills among faculty members at colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Libyan universities. The study adopted the descriptive approach and was applied to a random sample of (60) faculty members from five colleges (Az-Zaytuna, Sabratha, Az-Zawiya, Al-Jafara, Al-Marqab) during the academic year 2025-2026. The researcher used two scales: the first to measure brainstorming (15 items), and the second to measure effective teaching (15 items), and their validity and reliability were verified. The results showed that the level of brainstorming implementation was high, and the level of effective teaching skills was very high. A positive and statistically significant correlation was also found between the two variables (r = 0.407). No significant differences were found related to gender or experience, while differences in effective teaching skills were in favor of doctoral degree holders. The study recommended enhancing the use of brainstorming, organizing training courses, allocating sufficient time for its sessions, and paying attention to developing critical thinking.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brainstorming Strategy, Effective Teaching Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Abdulmajeed Mohammed Salem Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 298
ending page: 319
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.91

Effect of a Therapeutic Program Using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) on Rehabilitation of Patients with Quadriceps Muscle Strain
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;2725;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;">The study aimed to identify the effect of a therapeutic program using Muscle Energy Technique (MET) in rehabilitating quadriceps muscle strain among Ben Zaidoun Club players, The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design, The sample consisted of 10 players, Pain level, knee joint range of motion, and muscular strength were measured, The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the therapeutic program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Muscle Energy Technique, MET, muscle strain, quadriceps muscle, sports rehabilitation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 274
ending page: 297
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.90

Effect of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Developing Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Judo Players
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;3020;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to identify the effect of isometric and isotonic training on developing lower-limb muscular strength among judo players at Ben Zaidoun Club, The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design, The sample consisted of 15 players, Leg muscular strength, standing vertical jump, barbell squat, and standing long jump were measured, The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the training program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: isometric training, isotonic training, muscular strength, lower limb, judo.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 249
ending page: 273
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.89

Effect of Resistance Exercises on Developing Upper Limb Muscular Strength in Junior Judo Players
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;2986;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;"> The study aimed to identify the effect of a resistance training program on developing upper-limb muscular strength among junior judo players at Al-Watani Abu Issa Club. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group pre-test/post-test design. The sample consisted of 10 players. The study measured right-hand grip strength, left-hand grip strength, weight carrying and walking, and hanging hold time. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the training program.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: resistance training, muscular strength, upper limb, judo, juniors
  topic: keywords
creator: Mr. Shukri Abdurrazzaq Al-Qablawi
creator: Mr. Majdi Ali Al-Tuwaishi
creator: Mr. Abdulsalam Ahmed Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 219
ending page: 248
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.88

Effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the performance level of 100 m and 200 m freestyle swimmers
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;3102;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Arial'; font-size: 12pt; color: #1f1f1f; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #1f1f1f;">The research aims to identify the effect of over-distance training on some physical and functional variables and the numerical level of speed swimmers The study sample was selected purposively from the swimmers of Al-Mukhtar Swimming and Sports Club, which is one of the clubs registered with the Libyan General Federation of Swimming and Water Sports for the 2024-2025 sports season, and the number of swimmers was (9) for this study. The results showed that the training program led to an improvement in the physical, skill-related variables and the numerical level of the sample group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Over-distance training, physical variables, functional variables, performance level, 100m freestyle, 200m freestyle
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. abraheem mohammed abuojaylah
creator: Dr. zaynab salim jmmah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 208
ending page: 218
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.87

Dietary Patterns and Their Health and Social Implications for Patients with Gluten-Related Disorders: A Field Study Applied to Tripoli Municipality
type: item
description: <span class="docData;DOCY;v5;4300;[binary]" style="font-family: 'Arial'; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #000000;">This field study aimed to evaluate the living, health, and nutritional realities of patients with gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in the city of Tripoli. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach using an questionnaire distributed to a sample of 128 patients. The results demonstrated that patients face severe challenges in adhering to a gluten-free diet, with 88.3% reporting significant difficulties in obtaining safe food alternatives locally, which caused the strict dietary adherence rate to drop to only 62.5%. The data revealed the continued emergence of debilitating physical complications among a large segment, such as chronic fatigue (74.2%) and anemia (66.4%), alongside 54.7% suffering from psychological issues and social isolation due to the difficulty of dining out. Statistical testing (T-test) proved that the ability to strictly adhere to the diet improves significantly as the years since diagnosis increase due to accumulated patient experience. The study concluded that there is an almost complete absence of societal awareness about the disease (82%), recommending urgent government intervention to subsidize basic gluten-free goods, enforce strict regulatory laws on food and drug labeling, and launch national awareness campaigns to transform the celiac issue into a matter of food security and comprehensive societal awareness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Celiac disease, therapeutic nutrition, gluten – free diet, health status ,dietary patterns
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Fadia Musa Abdulrahman Khalid
creator: Ms. Sanda Al-Hattab Ibrahim Al-Naili
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 181
ending page: 207
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.86

Evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course from the students' point of view
type: item
description: <p class="docData;DOCY;v5;4322;[binary]" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: none; mso-border-top-alt: none; mso-border-right-alt: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: none; mso-border-between: none;">his research aims to identify the level of evaluation of the scientific content of the volleyball training course at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Zawiya, from the students' perspective. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The sample consisted of (30) third-year students, randomly selected. The researcher used a questionnaire as the data collection tool, the validity and reliability of which were verified before its application to the main sample. After data collection and statistical analysis, the questionnaire, consisting of 16 items, was ready for application to the main research sample Appropriate statistical methods were used to achieve the study objectives by answering its questions The main findings showed that the participants demonstrated an overall positive attitude toward the content of the volleyball course, as most items were rated at the “Agree” level, indicating student satisfaction. The results also emphasized the importance of providing a textbook and showed an acceptable balance between the theoretical and practical aspects of the course content, although there is a need to further enhance the practical aspect. In addition, the course content contributes to preparing students professionally, developing their sports culture, and keeping up with modern developments in volleyball.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: evaluation, scientific content, volleyball training, students' point of view.
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Kamila Abulqasim Al-Amouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-07
publication date: 2026-06-07
starting page: 166
ending page: 180
doi: 10.65893/esr.v2i18.84